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Showing posts with label atomic energy commission. Show all posts
Showing posts with label atomic energy commission. Show all posts

Monday, 19 November 2012

Breakthrough Nanoparticle Halts Multiple Sclerosis in Mice, Offers Hope for Other Immune-Related Diseases

 Breakthrough Nanoparticle Halts Multiple Sclerosis in Mice, Offers Hope for Other Immune-Related Diseases

 

Nanotechnology and multiple sclerosis in an unusual move, a biodegradable nanoparticle shows a perfect vehicle for stealth tactics to stop the attack on myelin antigen to the immune system in mice remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) relapsing a supply control model is consistent with the new North West Medical Research.

Nanotechnology is a new type 1 diabetes, food allergies and the immune-mediated diseases including asthma as a form of allergic airway can be applied.

In MS, the immune system myelin membrane of the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve insulates nerve cells are attacked. When the insulation is destroyed, electrical signals can be effectively managed not, symptoms of paralysis or blindness to the light organs causing numbness. Approximately 80% of MS patients relapsing remitting form of the disease are diagnosed with.

North West Nanotechnology immune system as all current treatments for MS, the everyday infections and cancer patients have a higher rate of sensitization is not pressing. When the immune system are associated with nanoparticles myelin antigens in mice injected reset to normal. An alien invader and halts the attack as it prevents the immune system recognizes myelin.

Stephen Miller, studied Microbiology and Immunology couple of Gugenheim Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine professor told the author: "This is a very important step in translational immunotherapy,". "The beauty of this new technology is that much of it can be used in immune-related diseases, we only change is that antigen.

"The holy grail is to develop specific therapy for pathological immune response, in this case the body attacks myelin," Miller said. The point is that our immune system to attack myelin, it is no longer maintained but leaves normal immune system function. '

nanoparticle, creating a simple and FDA approved material already made, Lonnie Shea, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science at Northwestern professor of chemical and biological engineering was developed by.

"This is a major milestone for Nanotechnology, of course you use the immune system can control," Shea said the same author. Paper in the journal Nature Biotechnology, will be published November 18.

Shea Miller, and also Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University is a member. In addition, Shea BioNanotechnology is a member of the medical establishment and the Institute of Chemistry of life processes.

Key difference - Ms. clinical trial to test the same approach

With one key difference - how to study multiple sclerosis patients in a phase I / II clinical trial of this approach is being tested. Case of a patient uses his white blood cells - an expensive and labor processes - to provide antigen.He said.

The big advantage of Nanoparticle Immunotherapy

Nanoparticles have many advantages, they can immediately and in a laboratory for manufacturing quality. The general population would be a cheap and possible treatment. In addition, the nanoparticles poly (lactide co-glycolide) (PLG), lactic acid and glycolic acid in the human body consists of two metabolites of natural polymers are made from. PLG most commonly used for biodegradable sutures.

The fact that PLG is already FDA approved for other programs, patients should facilitate research translation, Shea noted. Shea Miller and tested nanoparticles of different sizes and found that 500 nanometers was most effective in modulating the immune response.

"We stopped for a future relapses 100 days in the life of an MS patient is equivalent to several years."

Shea and Miller also currently a diabetes type nanoparticles and airway diseases such as asthma treatment are testing.

Nanoparticles fool the immune system

In the study, researchers attached nanoparticles myelin antigens and injected intravenously into mice. Particles spleen, which filters blood and helps the body dispose of blood into the cells age and die. Hello, particles macrophages, immune cells, which then showed them a variety of cell surface antigens were engulfed by. Immune system blood cells die and there's nothing to worry about as seen nanoparticles. Myelin accountable directly inhibiting the activity of T cells and regulatory T cells by an autoimmune response more comfortable by increasing the number of immune tolerance to antigens produced.

"The key here is that the antigen / particle-based approach to induction of tolerance and target selection. General immunosuppression, autoimmune diseases for which current therapy is used in contrast, the new process does not close the immune system, "They said Christine Kelley, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and National Institute of Health, Discovery Science and Technology to support the research director of the division of Bioengineering. Immunology and bioengineering expertise collaborative effort between the scientific potential of convergent approach to biomedical problems can be done is a terrible example. '

"We have an excellent team of Dr. Stephen Miller with academic scientists are proud of our expertise in clinical development," Scott Johnson, CEO, Myelin Repair Foundation's president and founder, said. "Nanoparticles couple of antigens think Dr. Miller Laboratory, Myelin Repair Foundation Drug Discovery Advisory Board and Dr. Michael Pleiss, Myelin Repair Foundation internal conversation between a member of the research team is pregnant, and we were concentrating our efforts for autoimmune diseases common to focus all patience with broad implications based, clinically relevant research and academic science, innovation out our unique research model that we have the technology commercialization and transfer funds. "important to ensure that the most important goal is designed to promote. Way to treat autoimmune diseases in the patients with MS and reach, has the best chance. '

Wednesday, 7 November 2012

Atomic Energy

 Atomic Energy

 
UN nuclear age was born almost at the same time. Scary World War II, Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic
bombings at the end, the house needs to resolve the nuclear issue brought. From his first address to the UN General Assembly established the Atomic Energy Commission issues raised by the discovery of nuclear energy to deal with. And in 1953 President Dwight D. Eisenhower of the United States from historical address, "Nuclear for peace", 1957 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) led the establishment.

Today, nearly 16 per cent of the world's 439 nuclear power reactors generate electricity. In nine countries, more than 40 per cent of energy production comes from nuclear energy. IAEA, an international organization in the UN family, nuclear energy safe, secure and peaceful use helps develop and use nuclear technology for sustainable development is to ensure.

Nuclear Weapons (NPT) extension under the 1968 agreement, the IAEA conducts site inspections to ensure that nuclear material is used only for peaceful purposes is used. Before the 2003 Iraq War, Iraq banned its inspectors uncover and eliminate weapons programs and capabilities have played an important role. In 2005, the Agency Director General Mohammad ElBaradei, Nobel Peace Prize that was awarded "They are being used for military purposes and to prevent nuclear energy is nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, to ensure efforts are used in the safest way possible is for. "

The United Nations Conference on Disarmament, the sole multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which was adopted in 1996, is produced. Office for Disarmament Affairs nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation promotes. On peaceful uses of outer space nuclear power sources in outer space committee on the use of production rules is 1992. Ionizing radiation effects of nuclear radiation threat level and report security and safety standards around the world to provide scientific basis for the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects.

Tuesday, 4 September 2012

Is the 'Wang particle' the new Higgs boson?

Is the 'Wang particle' the new Higgs boson?

The hunt might soon be on for another fundamental building block of nature. But what will it be called?
A young supernova taken by Nasa's Chandra X-ray Observatory.
A young supernova taken by Nasa's Chandra X-ray Observatory. Photograph: AP
The hand of fate is shaky when it comes to naming the building blocks of nature. Some physicists are immortalised by their discoveries, others not. There is, alas, no Professor Quark. But the Higgs boson is so sexy they named it twice – after Peter Higgs and Satyendra Nath Bose, though not, as it happens, after God.
Now we hear reports of the Wang particle – a particle that may explain supernovas, the most energetic explosions in the universe.
Massive stars collapse under their own gravity once their nuclear fuel is spent. The implosion compresses the star's iron core into neutrons. Charles Wang at Aberdeen University, and others, said the core might ring like a bell and emit ripples in spacetime that spread out like sound waves and power supernova explosions. These new waves come with an associated particle. In November, scientists will look for evidence of the entity at Cern's Isolde experiment. The biggest thing since the Higgs? Who knows.
So is the hunt for the Wang now on? Robert Bingham at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire works on the theory with Wang. "I've never thought of calling it that. He hasn't either. We'd tend to call it the scalar gravitational particle."

Sunday, 2 September 2012

Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry



Structure of the methane molecule: the simplest hydrocarbon compound.

Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives. These compounds may contain any number of other elements, including hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, the halogens as well as phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.[1][2][3]

Organic compounds form the basis of almost all earthly life processes (with very few exceptions). They are structurally diverse. The range of application of organic compounds is enormous. They either form the basis of, or are important constituents of, many products including plastics, drugs, petrochemicals, food, explosive material, and paints.


History


Friedrich Wöhler

Before the nineteenth century, chemists generally believed that compounds obtained from living organisms were too complex to be synthesized. According to the concept of vitalism, organic matter was endowed with a "vital force". They named these compounds "organic" and directed their investigations toward inorganic materials that seemed more easily studied.[citation needed]

During the first half of the nineteenth century, scientists realized that organic compounds can be synthesized in the laboratory. Around 1816 Michel Chevreul started a study of soaps made from various fats and alkalis. He separated the different acids that, in combination with the alkali, produced the soap. Since these were all individual compounds, he demonstrated that it was possible to make a chemical change in various fats (which traditionally come from organic sources), producing new compounds, without "vital force". In 1828 Friedrich Wöhler produced the organic chemical urea (carbamide), a constituent of urine, from the inorganic ammonium cyanate NH4CNO, in what is now called the Wöhler synthesis. Although Wöhler was always cautious about claiming that he had disproved the theory of vital force, this event has often been thought of as a turning point.[citation needed]

In 1856 William Henry Perkin, while trying to manufacture quinine, accidentally manufactured the organic dye now known as Perkin's mauve.[citation needed] Through its great financial success, this discovery greatly increased interest in organic chemistry.

The crucial breakthrough for organic chemistry was the concept of chemical structure, developed independently and simultaneously by Friedrich August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper in 1858.[citation needed] Both men suggested that tetravalent carbon atoms could link to each other to form a carbon lattice, and that the detailed patterns of atomic bonding could be discerned by skillful interpretations of appropriate chemical reactions.

The history of organic chemistry continued with the discovery of petroleum and its separation into fractions according to boiling ranges. The conversion of different compound types or individual compounds by various chemical processes created the petroleum chemistry leading to the birth of the petrochemical industry, which successfully manufactured artificial rubbers, the various organic adhesives, the property-modifying petroleum additives, and plastics.

The pharmaceutical industry began in the last decade of the 19th century when the manufacturing of acetylsalicylic acid (more commonly referred to as aspirin) in Germany was started by Bayer.[citation needed] The first time a drug was systematically improved was with arsphenamine (Salvarsan). Though numerous derivatives of the dangerous toxic atoxyl were examined by Paul Ehrlich and his group, the compound with best effectiveness and toxicity characteristics was selected for production.[citation needed]

Although early examples of organic reactions and applications were often serendipitous, the latter half of the 19th century witnessed highly systematic studies of organic compounds.[citation needed] Beginning in the 20th century, progress of organic chemistry allowed the synthesis of highly complex molecules via multistep procedures.[citation needed] Concurrently, polymers and enzymes were understood to be large organic molecules, and petroleum was shown to be of biological origin. The process of finding new synthesis routes for a given compound is called total synthesis. Total synthesis of complex natural compounds started with urea, and increased in complexity to glucose and terpineol. In 1907, total synthesis was commercialized for the first time by Gustaf Komppa with camphor.[citation needed] Pharmaceutical benefits have been substantial.[citation needed] For example, cholesterol-related compounds have opened ways to synthesis complex human hormones and their modified derivatives. Since the start of the 20th century, complexity of total syntheses has been increasing, with examples such as lysergic acid and vitamin B12.[citation needed]

Biochemistry has only started in the 20th century, opening up a new chapter of organic chemistry with enormous scope. Biochemistry, like organic chemistry, primarily focuses on compounds containing carbon.[citation needed]